სასკოლო კლუბი
ზესტაფონი, სკოლა ანაბასისი
კლუბის შექმნის თარიღი: 2018 წლის 25 სექტემბერი
კლუბის ლოგო:
კლუბის კურატორი: ინგლისურის მასწავლებელი თეონა კაკალაძე
განაცხადი კლუბის წევრობაზე
სკოლა ანაბასისის სასკოლო კლუბ „Book club "
კურატორს თეონა კაკალაძეს
ამავე სკოლის --- კლასის
მოსწავლის ---------------------------
გ ა ნ ც ხ ა დ ე ბ ა
სურვილი მაქვს გავწევრიანდე სასკოლო კლუბ ,,Book Club’’. გთხოვთ დააკმაყოფილოთ ჩემი სურვილი.
განმცხადებელი:
თარიღი:
სასკოლო კლუბ „Book Club“
წესდება
1.ზოგადი დებულებები
1.1. ზესტაფონის სკოლა ანაბასისის სასკოლო კლუბი ,,Book Club” (შემდგომში კლუბი)დაფუძნებულია სკოლის ფარგლებში.
1.2 . კლუბი დაფუძნებულია განუსაზღვრელი ვადით.
1.3 . კლუბს აქვს სახელწოდება და ლოგო.
1.4. კლუბის იურიდიული მისამართი: საქართველო, ზესტაფონი, ფარნავაზის ქ. 4ა
2. კლუბის მიზნები და ამოცანები:
2.1. ინგლისური ენის როგორც საერთაშორისო ენის პოპულარიზაცია და მათდამი ინტერესის გაზრდა
2.2. ცხოვრების ჯანსაღი წესის დამკვიდრება;.
2.3. აქტიური მოსწავლეების აღმოჩენა და მათი შემოქმედებით უნარების განვითარება;
2.4. მოსწავლეთა ინიციატივების პროექტების სახით განხორცილება;
2.5. კონფერენციების, სემინარების, ტრენინგების, კონკურსების ორგანიზება;
2.6. საქველმოქმედო საქმიანობის განხორციელება;
2.7.მოსწავლეთა ცოდნის და გამოცდილების შეძენა.
2.8. ცოდნის, უნარ-ჩვევების ჩამოყალიბება და მომავალში წარმატების მიღწევა.
2.9. მოსწავლეთა აქტიური ჩართვა საზოგადოებრივ ცხოვრებაში.
2.10. ცოდნის პრაქტიკულად გამოყენება.
2.11. სასკოლო პროექტების დაგეგმა, განხორციელება და ჩატარების გამოცდილება.
2.12. შეიძენენ ჯგუფში მუშაობის, გადაწყვეტილების მიღებასა და პრეზენტაციის წარმართვის გამოცდილებას.
2.13. კლუბი უფლებამოსილია განახორციელოს ნებისმიერი საქმიანობა, რომელიცემსახურება კლუბის მიზნებს, ინტერესებს, ორიენტირებულია შედგეზე და არ ეწინააღმდეგებასაქართველოს კანონმდებლობას.
3. კლუბში გაწევრიანება :
3.1. კლუბის წევრობა ნებაყოფლობითია;
3.2. კლუბის წევრი შეიძლება გახდეს სკოლის VIII – X კლასის მოსწავლე, რომელიც იზიარებსკლუბის მიზნებს.
3.3. კლუბის წევრობის მსურველმა უნდა მიმართოს კლუბს წერილობითი ფორმით(განცხადებით და წევრობის მსურველის ანკეტის შევსებით).
3.4. კლუბის წევრებზე გაიცემა კლუბის წევრის მოწმობა.
3.5. კლუბში გაწევრიანებაზე გადაწყეტილება მიიღება კლუბის კურატორის მიერ.
3.6. კლუბის წევრი ვალდებულია მიიღოს მონაწილეობა კლუბის საქმიანობაში, დაიცვასწესდების მოთხოვნები, შეასრულოს დავალებები და კლუბის მიერ მიღებულიგადაწყვეტილებები.
3.7. კლუბი პასუხისმგებელია მისი წევრის მხოლოდ იმ საქმიანობაზე, რომელიცდაკავშირებულია კლუბის საქმიანობასთან.
3.8. კლუბის წევრს უფლებამოსილება უწყდება პირადი განცხადების საფუძველზე, ასევეკლუბის საერთო კრების გადაწყვეტილებით როდესაც მისი საქმიანობა ეწინააღმდეგებაკლუბის მიზნებს და უხეშად არღვევს აღნიშნული წესდების დებულებებს და სკოლისდამთავრების შემდეგ.
4.კლუბის სტრუქტურა,მართვა და გადაწყვეტილებების მიღება:
4.1. კლუბი შედგება კლუბის წევრებისგან, რომელთა რაოდენობაა არაუმეტეს ოციმოსწავლისაა;
4.2. კლუბს შეიძლება ჰყავდეს კურატორი, რომლის უფლებამოსილებაა უხელმძღვანელოსკლუბის საქმიანობას, ერთპიროვნულად წარმოადგენოს კლუბი მესამე პირთან/პირებთანურთიერთობისას, უხელმძღვანელობს კლუბის მიერ განსახორციელებელი პროექტებისა დაპროგრამების შემუშავებასა და რეალიზაციას. დანიშნოს და გაათავისუფლოს კლუბის წევრები,მიიღოს სხვა გადაწყვეტილებები საწესდებო მიზნების მისაღწევად.
4.3. ხელმძღვანელი თავისი კომპეტენციის ფარგლებში: ხელმძღვანელობს კლუბისსაქმიანობას, ერთპიროვნულად.
4.4. კლუბის საერთო კრება უფლებამოსილია ხმათა უმრავლესობით : დამტკიცოს სამოქმედოგეგმა, დაამტკიცოს კლუბის წესდება, აირჩიოს კლუბის ლიდერი.
4.5 კლუბის ლიდერი ირჩევა 1 სასწავლო წლის ვადით.
4.6 ერთი და იგივე კანდიდატი კლუბის ლიდერად შეიძლება არჩეულ იქნას 2 ვადით.
4.6 ერთი და იგივე კანდიდატი კლუბის ლიდერად შეიძლება არჩეულ იქნას 2 ვადით.
5. კლუბის მუშაობა
5.1. კლუბი იკრიბება არანაკლებ თვეში ერთჯერ, გარდა არდადეგების პერიოდისა;
5.2. კლუბის შეკრებები ფორმდება ოქმით.
6. კლუბის რეორგანიზაცია და საქმიანობის შეწყვეტა:
6.1. კლუბის რეორგანიზაცია (შეერთება, მიერთება, გამოყოფა გარდაქმნა)ხორციელდება ამ დებულებით.
6.2 კლუბის ლიკვიდაცია ხდება: საერთო კრების გადაწყვეტილებით ან მიზნებისმიღწევის შემთხვევაში.
7. დასკვნითი დებულება:
7.1. წინამდებარე წესდება ძალაში შედის კლუბის ამოქმედებისთანავე.
7.2. ამ წესდებაში ცვლილებები შეიძლება შეტანილ იქნეს მხოლოდ საერთო კრებისგადაწყვეტილებით.
ზესტაფონი, სკოლა ანაბასისი
2018 წლის 25 სექტემბერი
სასკოლო კლუბ „Book Club“ სამუშაო გეგმა
№
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აქტივობის დასახელება
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განხორციელების თარიღი
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შენიშვნა
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1
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კლუბის წევრების შეკრება და ლიდერის და მისი მოადგილის არჩევა
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26.09.2018
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2
| ანაბასისი და ანაბასისელები |
09.10.2018
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ბარაქიანი შემოდგომა-- მოსავლის აღების დრო მსოფლიოში
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3
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თემა-ცნობილი გამომგონებლები,პროექტის მომზადება
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22.10.2018
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გამოგონებები რომლებმაც შეცვალეს სამყარო
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4
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‘’უძველესი ცივილიზაცია,მაიას ტომები“-,
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15.11.2018
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მოძიებული ინფორმაციების ერთმანეთისადმი გაცნობა-გაზიარება.პროექტის განხორციელება
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5
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გიორგობა საქართველოში.ექსკურსია წმინდა გიორგის სახელობის ეკლესიაში
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22,11,2018
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6
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ჩემი საყვარელი წიგნი
|
10.12.2018
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წიგნი -ცოდნის წყარო ,
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7
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საყვარელი ლიტერატურული პერსონაჟები
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18.12.2018
|
დადებით და უარყოფითი მოქმედი პერსონაჟების დახასიათება,გარჩევა,მისაბაძი პერსონაჟი,
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8
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პირველი სემესტრის ღონისძიებების განხილვა და ახლის დაგეგმვა
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20.01.2019
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9
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ვალენტინობა
( მითი თუ რეალობა ) |
13.02.2019
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10
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დედა-ქალთა დღე
|
02.03.2019
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11
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დედამიწის დღე
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22,04.2019
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13
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მსოფლიო თამბაქოს გარეშე
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25.05.2019
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14
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საზაფხულო არდადეგები
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20.07.2019
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საინიციატივო ჯგუფი:
სკოლა ანაბასისის VIII კლასისი მოსწავლეები
კლუბის მეურვე : თეონა კაკალაძე
სასკოლო კლუბ ,, Book Club“ წევრები:
1
1.ჩინჩალაძე მარიამ
2.ჩიბურდანიძე მარიამ
3.ჩიბურდანიძე ხატია
4. ხინჩიკაშვილი სოფო
5.ფერაძე რევაზ
6.ჩხეიძე გიორგი
7.ჯუღელი გაგა
8.ჯღამაძე დავით
კლუბის ლიდერი: ჯღამაძე დავითი
ლიდერის მოადგილე: ჩინჩალაძე მარიამი
26,09,2018
სასკოლო კლუბის „Book Club“-ის წევრების შეკრება
კლუბის ლიდერისა და მოადგილის არჩევა
კლუბის ლიდერისა და მოადგილის არჩევა
ხმის უმრავლესობით კლუბის წევრებმა ლიდერად აირჩიეს ჯღამაძე დავითი ,მოადგილედ კი ჩინჩალაძე მარიამი.სიმბოლურად გადაიღეს სურათები.
გაეცნენ კლუბის მუშაობის გეგმას და თემატურ მასალას რომელიც დამუშავდება მთელი წლის მანძილზე.
დაგეგმეს თუ რა და როგორ უნდა მიეღოთ მონაწილეობა შემოდგომის ზეიმზე.
09.10.2018
It's the harvest time
ბარაქიანი შემოდგომა ბარაქიანად და ორიგინალურად გააცილეს ანაბასის სკოლის მოსწავლეებმა. ღია ცის ქვეშ ღონისძიებაზე წარმოდგენილი იყო შემოდგომა თავისი ბარაქით; მაგიდები დახუნძლული იყო შემოდგომის ნობათით. პატარების თვალწინ თუხთუხებდა თათარა და მათ თავიანთი ხელით ამოავლეს ჩურჩხელები.მათ მხატვრულად გადმოსცეს ის განცდები და შთაბეჭდილებები, რომელიც შემოდგომას თან სდევს. ასევე ხალისით წარმოადგინეს ეპიზოდები: ხილის კრეფა, რთველი. გამოავლინეს ის სიხარული, რომელიც ჩურჩხელების ამოვლებისას ჩნდება. ასევე გადმოსცეს ის სილამაზე, რომელიც ტყეშია შემოდგომისას.მოსწავლეებმა შემოდგომის თემაზე წაიკითხეს ლექსები და შეასრულეს სიმღერები. ზეიმის მზადების პროცესში მოსწავლეები გაეცნენ წელიწადის ამ დროისათვის დამახასიათებელ ბუნებრივ მოვლენებს, წარმოდგენა შეექმნათ საშემოდგომო საქმიანობაზე (ყურძნის კრეფა, ღვინის დაწურვა, სიმინდის თესვა, კაკლის ბერტყვა, ხილის კრეფა და შემოდგომის დოვლათის დაბინავება). ზეიმის გაფორმებაზე იზრუნეს მშობლებმა, მოსწავლეებმა თავიანთი ნამუშევარი ხალისით წარუდგინეს მაყურებელს.ეს შემოდგომა განსხვავებული, მხიარული და ოქროსფერი იყო ანაბასისისათვის.ისევე, როგორც სხვა ღონისძიებები,რომელიც ასევე ოქროს ასოებით ჩაიწერება ანაბასისის ისტორიაში.
Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-intensive activity of the growing season.
Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-intensive activity of the growing season. On large mechanized farms, harvesting utilizes the most expensive and sophisticated farm machinery, such as the combine harvester. Process automation has increased the efficiency of both the seeding and harvesting process. Specialized harvesting equipment utilizing conveyor belts to mimic gentle gripping and mass transport replaces the manual task of removing each seedling by hand. The term "harvesting" in general usage may include immediate postharvest handling, including cleaning, sorting, packing, and cooling.
The completion of harvesting marks the end of the growing season, or the growing cycle for a particular crop, and the social importance of this event makes it the focus of seasonal celebrations such as harvest festivals, found in many religions.
Etymology
"Harvest", a noun, came from the Old English word hærfest, meaning "autumn" (the season), "harvest-time", or "August". (It continues to mean "autumn" in British dialect, and "season of gathering crops" generally.) "The harvest" came to also mean the activity of reaping, gathering, and storing grain and other grown products during the autumn, and also the grain and other grown products themselves. "Harvest" was also verbified: "To harvest" means to reap, gather, and store the harvest (or the crop). People who harvest and equipment that harvests are harvesters; while they do it, they are harvesting.
Crop failure
Crop failure (also known as harvest failure) is an absent or greatly diminished crop yield relative to expectation, caused by the plants being damaged, killed, or destroyed, or affected in some way that they fail to form edible fruit, seeds, or leaves in their expected abundance.
Crop failures can be caused by catastrophic events such as plant disease outbreaks (see e.g. Great Famine (Ireland)), heavy rainfall, volcanic eruptions, storms, floods, or drought, or by slow, cumulative effects of soil degradation, too-high soil salinity, erosion, desertification, usually as results of drainage, overdrafting (for irrigation), overfertilization, or overexploitation.
In history, crop failures and subsequent famines have triggered human migration, rural exodus, etc.
The proliferation of industrial monocultures, with their reduction in crop diversity and dependence on heavy use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, has led to overexploited soils that are nearly incapable of regeneration. Over years, unsustainable farming of land degrades soil fertility and diminishes crop yield. With a steadily growing world population and local overpopulation, even slightly diminishing yields are already the equivalent to a partial harvest failure. Fortunately, fertilizers obviate the need for soil regeneration in the first place, and international trade prevents local crop failures from developing into famines.
Other uses
Harvesting commonly refers to grain and produce, but also has other uses: fishing and logging are also referred to as harvesting. The term harvest is also used in reference to harvesting grapes for wine. Within the context of irrigation, water harvesting refers to the collection and run-off of rainwater for agricultural or domestic uses. Instead of harvest, the term exploitis also used, as in exploiting fisheries or water resources. Energy harvesting is the process of capturing and storing energy(such as solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy) that would otherwise go unexploited.
Eight things you never knew about Harvest Festival
Celebrating the harvest was once a pagan affair. Today’s church celebrations only began in earnest in Victorian times, when the Reverend Robert Stephen Hawker invited his parishioners to a special harvest thanksgiving service at the church in Morwenstow, Cornwall in 1843.
In centuries past, farmers would lay on a harvest feast and a corn dolly might be given place of honour and hung up in hope of a good harvest the following year. Long ago Anglo Saxon farmers believed the last sheaf of corn contained its spirit, and it would be sacrificed along with a hare usually found hiding in the field. A model of the hare was then made up using corn – and evolved to the dolly, said to represent the goddess or spirit of the grain.
The old West Country tradition of “Crying the Neck” was revived in Cornwall in the early Twenties. Dating back from times when crops would be hand harvested, a reaper would hold the last bundle of corn – sometimes known as the “neck” – aloft and cry out to the other harvesters. The corn was tied and kept in the parish church until the following spring.
Some harvesters felt it was bad luck to cut the last corn standingand farms would race to finish first and shout when they’d done it. Sometimes reapers would throw their sickles at the last corn until it was cut. Or they’d take turns to be blindfolded and sweep a scythe to and fro to finish.
Early English settlers took the idea of harvest thanksgiving to North America. “First Thanksgiving” was celebrated by the religious refugees from England known as the “Pilgrims” in 1621. They invited native Americans to a harvest feast at the Plymouth Plantation to celebrate a successful crop. Turkey wasn’t on the menu initially – instead the feast included goose, lobster, fish and deer.
Britain also celebrates the bounty of the sea as well as the land. Whitstable holds ceremonies to bless the seas during the town’s annual July oyster festival. Dozens of fish festivals are held around the UK’s coastal towns and villages, from Anglesey to Dorset to Rye Bay in East Sussex, where local scallops are on offer.
Michaelmas Day – also known as the feast of Saint Michael – celebrates the end of the harvest on 29 September. Historians say this originated in the fifth century when the cult of St Michael spread to Christianity in the West. During the Middle Ages Michaelmas became a religious feast, and people ate geese, which they believed would bring financial protection for the coming year.
Harvest festivals are held around the world from Australia to Sweden to India. In China the mid autumn festival is also known as the Moon festival. This custom is thought to hark back to ancient times when Chinese offered a sacrifice to the moon, a symbol of harmony and abundance. Families gather to eat traditional moon cakes and many folk tales centre around a moon maiden.
History of Harvest Festival
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 Harvest Festival used to be celebrated at the beginning of the Harvest season on 1 August and was called Lammas, meaning 'loaf Mass'. Farmers made loaves of bread from the new wheat crop and gave them to their local church. They were then used as the Communion bread during a special mass thanking God for the harvest. The custom ended when Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church, and nowadays we have harvest festivals at the end of the season.At the start of the harvest, communities would appoint a strong and respected man of the village as their 'Lord of the Harvest'. He would be responsible for negotiating the harvest wages and organising the fieldworkers. The end of the harvest was celebrated with a big meal called a Harvest Supper, eaten on Michaelmas Day. The 'Lord of the Harvest' sat at the head of the table. A goose stuffed with apples was eaten along with a variety of vegetables. Goose Fairs were and still are held in English towns at this time of year.
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"My Great Great Great Grandfather was called Joshua WALKER. He was born in 1851 in a small village in Hertfordshire called WILLIAN. He was an agricultural labourer who worked on Lordship Farm in Willian along with various brothers, cousins, sons and nephews. He must have been quite important amongst the labourers because he was given the title “LORD OF THE HARVEST” and it was his responsibility to bring the last snook (sheaf) of corn back to the farm to officially declare the Harvest safely gathered in before the Harvest Feast started."
Corn Dollies
and other harvest traditions and customs | ||||
The making of corn dollies goes back many thousands of years. It was a Pagan custom and evolved from the beliefs of the corn growing people who believed in the Corn Spirit.
What were corn dollies traditionally made from?
Corn dollies were made at Harvest time from the last sheaf of corn cut.      
Other harvest rituals and ceremonies
In the past .....Church bells could be heard on each day of the harvest. |
Harvest Festival
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Every year we have a Harvest Festival in our schools and churches. Do you know why?
 
What is a Harvest Festival?
Harvest Festival is a celebration of the food grown on the land.Thanksgiving ceremonies and celebrations for a successful harvest are both worldwide and very ancient. In Britain, we have given thanks for successful harvests since pagan times. We celebrate this day by singing, praying and decorating our churches with baskets of fruit and food in a festival known as 'Harvest Festival', usually during the month of September.   When is Harvest Festival?Unlike the USA and Canada, the UK does not have a national holiday for Harvest Festival. The harvest festival of the Jewish religion is called Sukkot or 'Feast of Ingathering' or 'the 'Feast of Tabernacles'. It is celebrated at the end of the year, after Rosh Hoshanah, the third of the great Annual Festivals. |
22.10.2018
The Famous People
თემა ცნობილ ადამიანებს მათ ცხოვრებას,შემოქმედებას ეხებოდა,თითოეული პიროვნება სხვადასხვა სფეროდან ავირჩიეთ,ესენია:ჯონათან გუთენბერგი,მარკო პოლო და ლუის პასტეური.კლუბის წევრები გაეცნენ მათ ბიოგრაფიას,შეისწავლეს და გაიგეს მათთვის უცნობი ფაქტები მოცემულ პიროვნებებზე,იმსჯელეს თუ რატომ არიან ეს პიროვნებები ცნობილი მთელ მსოფლიოში და რა მნიშვნელოვანი წვლილი შეიტანეს ჩვენს ცხოვრებაში.გაეცნენ ასევე ვიდეო ფაქტებს მათ ბიოგრაფიაზე,შეისწავლეს ახალი სიტყვები,და განახორციელეს საინტერესო პროექტი.
- Who is the most important person from history?
- What person from history has the greatest effect on our lives today? Recently, a group of many different experts decided it was a man named Johann Gutenberg. Gutenberg is famous for inventing printing, but he didn’t really invent it. He invented better way of printing.
- For hundreds of years people used blocks of wood to print. They used a knife to cut words in the block of wood. They made the words backward. Then the covered the block with ink and pressed it onto paper. When they pulled the paper from inky blocks, the words appeared on the paper in the right direction. In Korea and China, people printed with metal stamps instead of wood. Either way, printing was difficult and very slow. People usually wrote books by hand, so it took several years to make one copy of a book.
- Books were very expensive and rare. Only rich people could buy them, and only rich people could read. As more people learned to read, books become more popular. People around the world wanted to find a quicker, better and less expensive way to print books. One of these people was Johann Gutenberg.
- Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, around 1400. We do not know the exact year. He was an intelligent man, and he was good at working with metal. Gutenberg probably had no idea how people printed in China. His idea was to make a metal stamp for each letter of the alphabet and use the letter over and over. He could put stamps together to make words and arrange the words to make pages. A ,, printing press’’ machine could make hundreds of copies of a single page quickly. After that page, he could rearrange the same letters to make other words and print other pages.
- It took Gutenberg many years to make the stamps for each letter of the alphabet. When he finished the stamps, he didn’t have enough money to make the printing press. He borrowed money from a man named Johann Fust. Hey become business partners. After many years, Gutenberg’s printing press was ready. Gutenberg printed his first book, the Bible, around 1455.
- Johann Fust was a good businessman. He understood the importance of Gutenberg’s invention. He took Gutenberg to court because Gutenberg still owed him money. Gutenberg had no money, so Fust took his printing press and started his own business. He printed and sold more Bibles and kept all the money. Gutenberg was sad and broke. He died in 1468, a poor man.
- Today people remember Johann Gutenberg. The city of Mainz has a statue of him and a museum. They print several pages a day to show that is still in good condition. There are only forty-eight copies of original Bible. It is the most expensive book in the world. In 1987, a Gutenberg Bible sold in New York for $5.3 million.
Why Is Marco Polo Famous?
.Marco Polo was not the first European to travel to China, but he was the first to write about his travels .at that time,China was an unknown and romantic land to Europeans. Some people didn’t believe it was real place. Marco Polo helped them see the world as a much bigger and more interesting place.
.Marco Polo was born in Venice in 1254, His Father Niccolo Polo,was a businessman and traveled away from home often.In 1265, Marco’s father and uncle, Maffeo, Decided to go to China. They were the First Europeans to travel there. In China, they met the Emperor,Kublai Khan. The emperor thought the Europeans were interesting and invited them to return. The brothers went back to Itay and told Marco about their adventures. The brothers wanted to return to China, and this time they took seventeen-year-old Marco with them.
.The three men left again for China in 1271. China was thousands of miles away from Venice. First they went by ship to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Then they went on and passed throught what is today Iran and Afghanistan. They crossed deserts and mountains and rivers. They had to travel for three years.
.When they finally reached China, the emperor Kublai Khan welcomed his old friends and the young man with them. Marco was a good student of languages, and soon he learned Chinese. Kublai Khan liked Marco Polo and gave him a job . He Traveled all over the country to represent the emperor.Marco saw beautiful things and met many people. He wrote about all of this later. The Polos had a good life in China, but after seventeen years there, they wanted to return to Italy.
.In Italy, Marco couldn’t settle down. He became the captain of a ship because he wanted to continue his travels. Soon Venice went to war with Genoa, another Italian city. Marco and his ship joined the war. Venice lost, and Marco Polo became a prisoner in Genoa.
.Marco shared his room in the prison with a man named Rustichello da Pisa. They passed the time by talking about their lives. Polo talked about his travels and his life in China. Rustichello loved Polo’s stories. He was a writer, so he helped Marco write down his stories in a book. The title of the book in English is Travels of Marco Polo.
.In the book, Polo describes the cities the cities he saw,the people he met,and the way people lived. He describes animals, plants, and things that people used. He describes paper money, gunpowder, and porcelain vases believe that the world was so different in other places. They said Marco Polo’s stories were not true. They called him “IL Milione,” the man of million lies. Before he died in 1324, Marco Polo said, I didn’t write about half of the things that I saw.” He knew no one believed him.
.It took a long time, but people finally learned that Marco Polo’s stories were mostly true. Many explorers used Polo’s book as a guide. Cristopher Columbuss read it before he made his first trip to the New Word
- Why Is Louis Pasteur Important?
Louis Pasteur was one of the first people to discover that diseasesCome from germs.The word pasteurize that we usually see on milkContainers comes from his name.Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in small village in France.As a boyLouis was interested in art and was very good painter. His fatherDid not want his son to be an artist when he grew up.He wanted Louisto be a great teacher.Louis was also interested in chemistry and othersciences, so he agreed with his father and decided to go to college.After college,Louis attended a famous school in Paris that trainsteachers, the École Normale Supérieure.He entered the school in 1843to study how to teach chemistry and physics.He soon made a name forhimself with his research.After he graduated,he became a professor atthe University of Strasbourg.At this university,he met Marie Laurent,the daughter of the director of the university.Theyfell in love and married in 1849.They were very happy and had five children.Sadly,only one boy and one girls live to be adults.
In 1854,Louis took a job at the University of Lille,a city in the northof France.He was a professor of chemistry and dean of the faculty ofscience-a very high position for man of thirty-two. Around this time,the French wine industry was in terrible trouble.Their wine was sourand they didn’t know why.The winemakers around the Lille asked Pasteur to help them. After many exmperiments.Louis discovered thisproblem came from germs.The solution was to heat wine.This wouldkill the harmful germs.The winemakers were shocked,but the method worked.Soon they also heated other drinks such as beer and milk.This made them to safe to drink.The method was called pasteurization,afterLouis Pateur.
In 1857,Pasteur returned to Paris to become director of scienceStudies at École Normale Supérieure. At that time, there was aTerrible desease called anthrax.it killed thousand of sheep and cowEvery year.Pasteur noticed something interesting.If an animal was sick with anthrax and got well,it never caught the disease again.He decidedto inject healthy sheep with weak anthrax germs.These sheep lived and never caught the disease.Pasteur had a vaccine against anthrax!One day in 1885,a doctor brought a nine-years-old boy named JosephMeister to pasteur.A mad dog with the disease rabies bit the boy,and the doctor didn’t know how to save him.In the past,Pasteur helped animals with disease,but would this method work on human,or would the boy die? Pasteur was very worried,but finnaly he tried experiment.He injected Jospeph with his vaccine and say by his bed to watch theresult.The boy lived!Immediately the news spread around the world,and Pasteur was famous.
Pasteur wanted to build a research institute in Paris to continue his work.People read about his methods and sent money from all over theworld to help build the institute.The Pasteur Institute opened its doors in 1888.it is still one of the world’s most respected centers for study ofdiseases and how to fight them.Pasteur was director of the Intituteand he worked there until he dead in 1895.Everyone remembered Pastuer as a great man.Years later,during World War II,the Germans came to Paris.A German officer wanted to open Pasteur’s tomb,but the old French guardsaid no. When the German demanded that he open it or die,the guardkilled himself.The name of the guard was Joseph Meister.
პროექტზე მუშაობის პროცესი
15.11.2018 Maya Culture and Civilization
დღევანდელ შეხვედრაზე მოსწავლეები გაეცნენ უძველეს მაიას ცივილიზაციას.ცივილიზაცია რომელიც მესოამერიკული ცივილიზაციებიდან ერთერთია. ის ჩამოაყალიბა მაიას ტომების ხალხებმა. ამ ცივილიზაციაში განსაკუთრებით აღსანიშნავია იეროგლიფური დამწერლობის არსებობა, რომელიც ძვ.წ-ით მე-3 საუკუნეში,ჩამოყალიბდა და დაიხვეწა. ასევე აღსანიშნავია მათი ხელოვნება, არქიტექტურა, მათემატიკის ცოდნა, ასტრონომიური დაკვირვებებით კალენდრების გამოთვლა. მაიას ცივილიზაციის განვითარების არეალი მოიცავს სამხრეთ აღმოსავლეთ მექსიკას, მთელს გვატემალასა და ბელიზს, ჰონდურასისა და ელ სალვადორის დასავლეთ ნაწილს.კლუბის წევრებმა განახორციელეს პროექტი,შექმნეს სლაიდ-შოუ,ჩამოაყალიბეს " რამდენიმე საინტერესო ფაქტები მაიას ტომებზე".მოახდინეს მათი ქართულად თარგმნაც.
Some Cool Facts On Mayans And Mayan Civilization…
The Mayans were an ancient civilization that inhabited Middle America. It has a very intriguing and also complex history. For an ancient civilization, they had a very advanced culture and had developed their own written language, architecture, mathematics and astronomical system. The reason for the collapse of this great ancient civilization is still a mystery.
1. MAYAN CALENDAR
The Mayans are probably best known for the prediction of the apocalypse. The Mayan long count calendar has led to the myth about the end of the world. What the calendar actually means is that a new age is beginning. After 31st December a new year begins, it does not mean the world is ending; that is the idea of the Mayans’ calendar. Some people probably mistook its meaning and led to the belief that the world would end in 2012.
2. FLAT FOREHEADS
Ancient Mayans, similar to people today was also interested in beauty tricks. However, their idea of “pretty” was quite different. Mayans desired odd characteristics in their people. They though a long head was attractive. Hence, when a baby was still tender and soft and can b re-shaped easily, they would press boards on the baby. A pair of boards was strapped to the back and front of the baby’s head. This was done to create a flat forehead and is done at a very young age. This process was most common among the upper class. And as a result they would have long, sloping foreheads.
3. CROSS-EYED
4. LONG NOSES
For the Mayan’s, having a large, pronounced nose was attractive. Some would even attach a clay extension to the nose to make it seem larger.
5. ANCIENT MAYANS’ “GEMMED” TEETH
For Mayans who wished to brighten up their smile, their dentistry had precious solutions. They would insert precious and semi-precious gemstones into their teeth. It was fashionable for people of all classes to have ‘gemmed’ teeth. However, getting this process was not as easy as smiling. The tooth was drilled with a hand-held drill. Once the hole was made and the gem set in place, natural glue would seal it. Ancient Mayans did not have the advantage of modern day anesthesia or painkillers.
6. HUMAN SACRIFICE
It is a famous fact that the Mayans performed human sacrifices. Sacrifices where done either for religious or medical reasons. Several methods were used for the sacrificial ritual, among them the most common was decapitation and the removal of the heart. They would paint the victim in blue and then remove his heart while it was still beating. To do this, the victim would be undressed, then a peaked headdress would be put on him and then the victim would be strapped to a convex stone that would push his chest upwards. A priest performed this ritual. He would cut into the victims ribs just below the left breast and pull out the beating heart. Depending on the type of ritual, sometimes, the corpse was skinned, except for the hands and feet. Then the priest would remove his ritual attire and dress himself in the skin of the sacrificed person. He would then perform a ritual dance symbolizing rebirth. If the sacrificed person were a particularly courageous warrior, then he would be cut into portions that would be eaten by the bystanders.
The sacrifice of a living being was regarded as a powerful blood offering to the Mayan deities and that blood was a powerful source of nourishment for them. Sacrificing an enemy king was the most valued offering. The king would be decapitated. Moreover, normally only high status war prisoners were offered as human sacrifices and lower status prisoners were kept for labour.
Some other ways of sacrificing that the Mayans performed were arrow sacrifice, throwing the sacrifice into a deep sinkhole, burying alive etc.
7. USE OF PAINKILLERS
The people used hallucinogenic drugs regularly in their religious rituals. It is a drug that brings on hallucinations. These drugs were not limited to the rituals, but they were used in daily life as painkillers.
8. NAMING CHILDREN
One important detail most people do not realized when it comes to the Mayan civilization is that Mayans still exist. There are still Mayans living in their home regions. While some of them have started to follow the modern cultures and most of them still continue to carry out their ancient traditions.
THE MAYA MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
Characteristics of The Maya Mathematical System: a) It is vigesimal, this means that it is based on 20 units [0 - 19] instead of the 10 units [0 - 9] of the decimal system. This table shows the first 20 numbers and their Arabic equivalents. Learn the Maya mathematical system fast using THE MAYA CALCULATION ASSISTANT. The Mayan names for numbers are here. 
b) It only uses three symbols, alone or combined, to write any number. These are: the dot - worth 1 unit, the bar - worth 5 units and the zero simbolized by a shell.
c) It also uses a vigesimal positioning system, in which numbers in higher places grow multiplied by 20´s instead of the 10´s of the decimal system, compare number 168,421 in both systems:
d) Numbers in the Maya system can be written vertically or horizontally. In vertical writing, the bars are placed horizontally and the dots go on top of them, in this case the vigesimal positions grow up from the base. When written horizontally, the bars are placed vertically and the dots go to their left and higher vigesimal positions grow to the left of the first entry.
Thus when writing vertically the vigesimal positioning system, to write 20 a zero is placed in the first position (base) with a dot on top of it, in the second position. The dot in this place means one unit of the second order which equals to 20. To write 21, the zero would change to a dot (1 unit) and for the subsequent numbers the original 19 number count will follow in the first position. As they in turn reach 19 again another unit (dot) is added to the second position. Any number higher than 19 units in the second position is written using units of the third position. A unit of the third position is worth 400 (20 x 20), so to write 401 a dot goes in the first position, a zero in the second and a dot in the third. Positions higher than the third also grow multiplied by twenties from the previous ones. Examples of the numbers mentioned above follow:  Note : the Maya made one exception to this order, only in their calendric calculations they gave the third position a value of 360 instead of 400, the higher positions though, are also multiplied by 20.) 
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10 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE ANCIENT MAYANS!
პროექტზე მუშაობა
22.11.2017
St Georges Day---23 November
What and when is St. George's Day?
St Georges' Day is on 23 November.
St George's Day is celebrated in Georgia on 23 November, in honour of St George, the patron saint of Georgia.
What does the flag of St George look like?
Today Georgia is celebrating Saint Georgia’s day, which is the one of the most important days for orthodox Christians.
The majority of Georgian churches were built in Saint George’s honour.
The State Emblem of Georgia captures Saint George in the form of a man riding a horse who is slaying a dragon.
It is believed the country’s name Georgia is associated with Saint George.
Giorgi, deriving from the name George, is the most common male name in Georgia.
Saint George was born in the latter part of the third century AD to a Greek Christian noble family in Lydda, Palestine. After his father’s death, George enlisted in the Roman Army and by his late 20s, was promoted to the rank of Tribunus and joined the imperial guard of the Emperor Diocletian at Nicomedia, the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire.
During the year 303 AD, the Emperor Diocletian summoned his officers and instructed them to persecute the Christians. When George refused this he was tortured and then beheaded on April 23, (April 23 corresponds to 6 May on the Julian calendar).
Twice a year, on May 6 and November 23 (according to the Julian calendar), Saint George’s Day is celebrated among Orthodox Christians worldwide. The event is marked by various Christian churches and by several nations, kingdoms and cities where Saint George is the patron saint.
This is the flag of St George is also the flag of England
Who was St St George?
A story dating back to the 6th century tells that St George rescued a maiden by slaying a fearsome fire-breathing dragon. The Saint's name was shouted as a battle cry by English knights who fought beneath the red-cross banner of St George during the Hundred Years War (1338-1453).
Who was St St George?
A story dating back to the 6th century tells that St George rescued a maiden by slaying a fearsome fire-breathing dragon. The Saint's name was shouted as a battle cry by English knights who fought beneath the red-cross banner of St George during the Hundred Years War (1338-1453).
The Real St George
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Saint George is popularly identified with England and English ideals of honour, bravery and gallantry, but actually he wasn’t English at all. Very little is known about the man who became St George.
Quick Facts about St George
When the pagan Emperor Diocletian started persecuting Christians, St. George pleaded with the Emperor to spare their lives. However, St. George's pleas fell on deaf ears and it is thought that the Emperor Diocletian tried to make St. George deny his faith in Christ, by torturing him. St George showed incredible courage and faith and was finally beheaded near Lydda in Palestine on 23 April, 303. In 1222, the Council of Oxford declared April 23 to be St George’s Day and he replaced St Edmund the Martyr as England’s patron saint in the 14th century. In 1415, April 23 was made a national feast day.
Patron Saint
St George is patron saint not only of England but also of Aragon, Catalonia, England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, and Russia, as well as the cities of Amersfoort, Beirut, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Genoa, Ljubljana, Gozo, Pomorie, Qormi, Lod and Moscow.St George is also patron saint of scouts, soldiers, archers, cavalry and chivalry, farmers and field workers, riders and saddlers, and he helps those suffering from leprosy, plague and syphilis. How will you be celebrating St George's Day?
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St. George travelled for many months by land and sea until he came to Libya. Here he met a poor hermit who told him that everyone in that land was in great distress, for a dragon had long ravaged the country.
10.12.2018
My favourite book
So, what can be said about books? Ah, books... Unfortunately, there are not enough young people who like to read in England. It seems like an unpopular hobby; something that isn’t ‘cool’. I firmly disagree with this. Books have the ability to take you to another world, to stimulate your imagination and transport you to places you’ve never been before. Books can be long, short, big or small. Books can have a mixture of pictures and hundreds upon hundreds of words. Books can be exciting, scary, thrilling and confusing. But, above all, books can be interesting.
So, what’s your favourite book? Actually, that’s a silly question. How daft of me. How can you only have one favourite book in the whole world? For me... a favourite series has to be the Harry Potter series by J.K.Rowling. I don’t have a favourite book out of the seven, but I do have preferences as to which I most enjoy reading. My favourite book is the third one. I’m not completely sure why; I suppose it’s because in this book Harry finally feels like he has a true family. My least favourite book is probably one of the latter ones, either the sixth or seventh book. Both of these books, to me, feel like they don’t have the same ‘magic’ as the previous ones.
Another of my favourite series is His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman. This trilogy is all about the adventures of a young girl called Lyra and her daemon, Pantalaimon. It is filled with adventure, despair, intrigue and suspense; this is one of the main reasons why it appeals to me so much. There is such a variety of subjects and stories that the books were very difficult to put down when I first read them. They still are to this day in fact.
My favourite book is "The Old Man and the Sea" by Ernest Hemingway. This story is one of the well-known works of the writer. The author depicts the characters of the old man and the boy and their relations very vividly and skillfully. Santiago, the old man, was one of the writer's beloved characters. The old man was a born fisherman, but he was not a butcher and fished only for a living. He was very lonely. He had a devoted friend - the boy, Manolin. The boy loved the old man for his kind heart, his devotion to the sea. Manolin was like a son to Santiago. He took care of the old man's food and his belongings. The old man was glad to pass his experience to the boy. He looked forward to going to the sea together with the boy. All Santiago's life had been in preparation for the battle with big fish. He knew that he had been born for this and it was time to prove it. A strong man at last had met a strong fish. The battle was a difficult one and full of danger. Though the sharks had eaten the fish and nothing had left but the backbone, the old man had morally won the battle. Santiago's words "man can be destroyed but not defeated" are the main idea of this story. "The Old Man and the Sea" is a masterpiece for its imaginative language and the description of nature.
by:Chinchaladze Mariam
“There is No better Friend than a Book.”
Books are the most sincere friends of man. They teach the knowledge of the real world and also expose the in-born but hidden abilities as my hobby is Book reading. I use to read, a lot of books! Among these many Books, “THE ALCHEMIST” by Paulo Coelho is my Favorite one!
This Book is a Fiction Novel that is about the story of a Boy name Santiago. He was a shepherd by profession and one day saw a Dream about a treasure.
Due to his ambitious nature, he pursues his Dream. After passing through countless difficulties, Santiago met “THE ALCHEMIST.” The ALCHEMIST tells Santiago the Alchemy of Life and about some other mysterious things of the world. In the end, Santiago achieve his goal!
The reason why this Fiction Novel is my Favorite Book is that it gives the Lesson of Determination, Hard work, courage and most importantly “To Listen to your Heart.” My Favorite Line from the Book is
“When you want something, all the universe conspires to help you achieve it.”
by: Jgamadze Davit
“Nowadays it's almost impossible to imagine our life without books. I think it's one of the greatest wonders in the world. Many years ago or maybe centuries people valued books as treasure of the human knowledge and experience.
As for me I like to read books in my free time. Books help me to distract from my problems and daily routine and to get into another world. I like the various genres of books. It depends on my mood which book I take to read. Every book gives birth to special inner world in my mind and in my soul. I like to imagine main characters of my favourite book, their cloths and faces and it's always difficult for me to leave the characters of my favourite novel in the end of the book.
As for me, good literature develop imagination, logical thinking, broader one's outlook, makes people more educated and give a chance to develop. One famous writer said that books are our friends. I completely agree with him. It seems to me that books take an important please in our life and they are necessary for everybody.
As for me I have read a lot of different books, but I can't mark out one special book. But there are some which impressed me more. First of all it is Noter Dame de Paris, then Jane Air, Angelica, little prince, detective stories of Conan Doyle, Dracula by Bram Stoker and many others.
I think that reading books helped me to become more educated, helped to learn a lot of interesting things, enreached my vocabulary. As one proverb says "man cannot live on bread alone". Books are the source of knowledge and the means of self-perfection.My Favoruite Book”:
Charles William Eliot, An American academic said:
“Books are the quietest and most constant of friends; they are the most accessible and the wisest of counselors, and the most patient of teachers.”
Books are real friends of man. They impart education and build character. They help to learn new things.
When a man becomes depressed and finds darkness all around, he needs a source of pacification. Books are such sources. They uplift the character and expand vision. Books are considered as loyal friends.
“There is no friend as loyal as a book.” –Ernest Hemingway
Reading books is my hobby. I love reading all type of genres, but detective novels, biographies, and fiction writing are most favourite of mine.
The book I like the most is “THE ALCHEMIST.” It is written by Brazilian author “Paulo Coelho.” It was first time published in 1988 in Portuguese and translated in English in 1993. It is a marvel of terrific writing and splendid lesson.
This book is based on the story of boy name Santiago. He was a shepherd and loved traveling. His parents wanted him to become a priest, but he loved traveling.
He was told that he could travel if he became a shepherd. So, in order to find his personal legend, his became a shepherd. He used to wander here and there and explored new things.
One day, sleeping in a courtyard near a giant tree of a church, he saw a dream about finding a treasure. He saw this dream twice. In order to make his dream come true, he met a woman who told him that his treasure is near the pyramids of Egypt.
He also met an old man ‘The King’ who told him about the omens also gave him two stones name ‘Urim’ and ‘Thummim.’ At that time the boy had almost a dozen o sheep. He sold them to pursue his dream.
The boy went to Arabia. He was scammed and also worked at some jewelry shop just to follow his Personal Legend. There he also met various people and learned new things from them. He joined a Caravan, and there he met an Englishmen.
During the Journey, Caravan stopped at an oasis. There, Santiago met two important people. One is ‘The ALCHEMIST’ who could use covert any metal into gold, and the other is FATIMA.
The ALCHEMIST told Santiago the most important lesson of his life. He understands the ‘Soul of the world.’ Boy understands the union of two souls through an alchemy of love.
But his mission was not complete, he continued his journey and reached near the pyramids of Egypt and start digging to find treasure.
There, a group of men of warring tribes came and asked him where the boy was doing. Santiago told him about his mission treasure, but they laughed and beat him.
One of the tribe men told Santiago that he also saw a similar dream that there is a treasure in the courtyard of a church near a colossal tree but who I don’t care; he said who cross giant dessert for this dream. Santiago knew where the treasure was, and he finally found the treasure.
The reason why ALCHEMIST is my Favourite book is that it gives the lesson to discover own personal legend. Nothing is impossible in this world. We should follow our dream and conquer the world. Everyone should read this book.
A book is one of the greatest wonders of world. Why are so many people fond of reading? The world of books is full of wonders. You and characters of books can find yourselves in different countries and have a lot of adventures. The book is a faithful friend. They form our values and characters. We try to look like the characters of our favourite books: to be brave, honest, not to be silly and greedy, to be true friends. We enjoyed the beauty and wisdom of fairy-tales and fables when we were babies and Granny read them to us. They taught us to be kind, clever, hardworking, to understand other people and help them. They teach us to understand the beauty of nature, take care of it, to love our homeland. Books have been with us since childhood. Who hasn't read "Alice in the Wonderland", "Mowgli"? Who hasn't travelled with Marry Poppins to her imaginary world? Who hasn't imagined himself to be Robinson Crusoe on the deserted island? I have read a lot of interesting books, but my favourite book is "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain. This well-known book is popular with children all over the world. The main character of the book is Tom Sawyer, who lived in a small town on the Mississippi River. He was a boy with a wild imagination. He and his friends often dreamed of different adventures. Tom was naughty, kind and brave. Besides, he was noble. I like this boy because he teaches us to be true friends. If you are not fond of reading, take a book to your liking or borrow it in a library and read it. Books are worth reading. Really, they are our good friends.
Nowadays it's almost impossible to imagine our life without books. I think it's one of the greatest wonders in the world. Many years ago or maybe centuries people valued books as treasure of the human knowledge and experience.
As for me I like to read books in my free time. Books help me to distract from my problems and daily routine and to get into another world. I like the various genres of books. It depends on my mood which book I take to read. Every book gives birth to special inner world in my mind and in my soul. I like to imagine main characters of my favourite book, their cloths and faces and it's always difficult for me to leave the characters of my favourite novel in the end of the book.
As for me, good literature develop imagination, logical thinking, broader one's outlook, makes people more educated and give a chance to develop. One famous writer said that books are our friends. I completely agree with him. It seems to me that books take an important please in our life and they are necessary for everybody.
As for me I have read a lot of different books, but I can't mark out one special book. But there are some which impressed me more. First of all it is Noter Dame de Paris, then Jane Air, Angelica, little prince, detective stories of Conan Doyle, Dracula by Bram Stoker and many others.
I think that reading books helped me to become more educated, helped to learn a lot of interesting things, enreached my vocabulary. As one proverb says "man cannot live on bread alone". Books are the source of knowledge and the means of self-perfection.
My favourite book is "Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe.
D. Defoe (1660—1731) was a great master of realistic detail. The novel "Robinson Crusoe" was written in 1719. The novel is praise to human labour and the triumph of man over nature. Defoe shows the development of his hero. At the beginning of the story we see an unexperienced youth, a rather frivolous boy, who then becomes a strong-willed man.
Robinson Crusoe's most characteristic trait is his optimism. His guiding principle in life become "never say die" and "in trouble to be troubled is to have your troubles doubled". He had confidence in himself and in man. He believed it was within the power of man to overcome all difficulties. Crusoe was an enthusiastic worker and always hoped for the best.
Defoe is a writer of the Enlightenment. He teaches people how to live, he tries to teach what's good and what's bad.
His novel "Robinson Crusoe" is not only a work of fiction, an account of adventures, a biography and an educational pamphlet. It is a study of man, a great work showing man in relation to nature and civilization as well as in relation to labour and private property.
18.12.2018
My Favourite Literary Character
Another essential story element is the character.Character can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work. There are many types of characters that exist in literature, each with its own development and function
What are the 4 types of characters? -----The four types of characters refer to the way a character changes throughout a story. These four character types are: dynamic, flat, static, and round. Dynamic Character- A dynamic character is one that experiences a change in either their outlook or their personality.
What is literary character analysis?---Character analysis is when you evaluate a character's traits, their role in the story, and the conflicts they experience. When analyzing, you will want to think critically, ask questions, and draw conclusions about the character by looking at those three areas.
My Favourite Literary Character
My favourite literary character is Eliza Doolittle. Eliza is one of the principal characters of "Pygmalion", Bernard Shaw's famous comedy. Eliza, a girl of eighteen, comes from the lowest social level and speaks with a strong Cockney accent. She makes her own living by selling flowers in the streets of London. One day she accidentally meets Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics. Higgins makes an agreement with his friend Pickering that he will pass Eliza off as a duchess in six months. Eliza and Higgins work hard at the girl's manners and pronunciation. Finally, before six months are over, she is well prepared to be introduced into society. Higgins and Pickering take her to the races, a dinner party, and the Queen's dancing party. Everything goes well and Higgins wins his bet. But what is to become of Eliza now when the game is over? She cannot go back to selling flowers in the street. She has acquired some culture, and she wants to do useful work. She wants independence and her share of respect. I admire Eliza's quick wit and sense of humour, her moral strength and integrity. The character of Eliza shows how much force and talent lies undeveloped in common people.
What is it?
Characterization is the way in which authors convey information about their characters. Characterization can be direct, as when an author tells readers what a character is like (e.g. "George was cunning and greedy.") or indirect, as when an author shows what a character is like by portraying his or her actions, speech, or thoughts (eg. "On the crowded subway, George slipped his hand into the man's coat pocket and withdrew the wallet, undetected."). Descriptions of a character's appearance, behavior, interests, way of speaking, and other mannerisms are all part of characterization. For stories written in the first-person point of view, the narrator's voice, or way of telling the story, is essential to his or her characterization.
Why is it important?
Characterization is a crucial part of making a story compelling. In order to interest and move readers, characters need to seem real. Authors achieve this by providing details that make characters individual and particular. Good characterization gives readers a strong sense of characters' personalities and complexities; it makes characters vivid, alive and believable.
How do I create it?
Create characterization by choosing details that make real or fictional characters seem life-like and individual.
To create characterization in fiction or non-fiction,
- Tell the reader directly what a character's personality is like:"Mrs. Freeman could never be brought to admit herself wrong on any point."—Flannery O'Connor, "Good Country People"
- Describe a character's appearance and manner:"The Baker, who was an older man with a thick neck, listened without saying anything when she told him the child would be eight years old next Monday. The baker wore a white apron that looked like a smock. Straps cut under his arms, went around in back and then to the front again, where they were secured under his heavy waist. He wiped his hands on his apron as he listened to her. He kept his eyes down on the photographs and let her talk."—Raymond Carver, "A Small, Good Thing"
- Portray a character's thoughts and motivations:"I didn't come to Utah to be the same boy I'd been before. I had my own dreams of transformation, Western dreams, dreams of freedom and dominion and taciturn self-sufficiency. The first thing I wanted to do was change my name. A girl named Toby had joined my class before I left Florida, and this had caused both of us scalding humiliation."I wanted to call myself Jack, after Jack London. I believed that having his name would charge me with some of the strength and competence inherent in my idea of him. The odds were good that I'd never have to share a classroom with a girl named Jack. And I liked the sound. Jack. Jack Wolff."—Tobias Wolff, This Boy's Life
- Use dialogue to allow a character's words to reveal something important about his or her nature:"Unable to contain herself, [Mrs. Bennet] began scolding one of her daughters. 'Don't keep coughing so, Kitty, for heaven's sake! Have a little compassion on my nerves. You tear them to pieces.'"—Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice
- Use a character's actions to reveal his or her personality:"He would hang around our place on Saturdays, scornful of whatever I was doing but unable to leave me alone. I couldn't be on the swing without him wanting to try it, and if I wouldn't give it up he came and pushed me so that I went crooked. He teased the dog. He got me into trouble—deliberately and maliciously, it seemed to me afterward—by daring me to do things I wouldn't have thought of on my own: digging up the potatoes to see how big they were when they were still only the size of marbles, and pushing over the stacked firewood to make a pile we could jump off."—Alice Munro, "Miles City, Montana"
- Show others' reactions to the character or person you're portraying:"No respect at all was shown him in the department. The porters, far from getting up from their seats when he came in, took no more notice of him than if a simple fly had flown across the reception room."—Nikolai Gogol, "The Overcoat"
- Give fictional characters meaningful names or use real people's nicknames that relate to their personalities:Severus Snape—"Severus" means "strict" or "severe" in Latin. Severus Snape is a strict professor who treats Harry harshly.
Sirius Black—"Sirius" is the brightest star in the Canis Major or "Great Dog" constellation. Sirius Black is a wizard who transforms into a black dog.
Peeves—"To peeve" means "to annoy." Peeves is a ghost who pesters people at Hogwart's School.
Self Check
Ask yourself these questions when trying to understand characterization:
- What does the character look like?
- How does the character behave towards others? How do others behave toward the character?
- What does the character seem to care about?
- What adjectives does the author use to describe the character's personality?
- What does the character think or say?
Example
"Lincoln's shock of black hair, brown furrowed face, and deep-set eyes made him look older than his fifty-one years. He was a familiar figure to almost everyone in Springfield, as was his singular way of walking, which gave the impression that his long, gaunt frame needed oiling. He plodded forward in an awkward manner, hands hanging at his sides or folded behind his back. His step had no spring..."His features, even supporters conceded, were not such 'as belong to a handsome man.' In repose, his face was '[overspread] with sadness,' the reporter Horace White noted... Yet when Lincoln began to speak, White observed, 'this expression of sorrow dropped from him instantly. His face lighted up with a winning smile, and where I had a moment before seen only leaden sorrow I now beheld keen intelligence, genuine kindness of heart, and the promise of true friendship.'"
| What does the character look like? | Lincoln has black hair and a wrinkled face. He looks older than he is, and he appears deeply sad until he starts talking. He has a particular, awkward way of walking. |
| How does the character behave towards others? How do others behave toward the character? | He is warm and friendly towards others, and others—or at least this reporter—seem to react with fondness and admiration toward him. |
| What does the character seem to care about? | Lincoln seems to care about and thrive on his interactions with others; he seems less concerned with his physical appearance. |
| What adjectives does the author use to describe the character's personality? | The author quotes the reporter as saying when Lincoln interacts with people, he loses his sorrowful appearance and becomes bright with "a winning smile," "keen intelligence," "genuine kindness," and "true friendship." |
| What does the character think or say? | I'm not sure yet what he thinks or says. |
Characterization Tip
Characterization never stops! Stay aware of how a character is described, how others react to the character, and how those things change throughout the text. Changes in characters are often crucial to the meaning of a story.
Famous Literary Characters and Their Real-Life Inspirations
Who was the spark behind the creation of Tintin, Long John Silver, and Severus Snape?
We all know truth is stranger than fiction, and some things (and people) are just too good to have been made up. We've already shown you quirky cartoon characters based on real people, and though we imagine there are many more life-to-literature adaptations than life-to-cartoon, we've decided to continue the trend and pick some of our favorite famous literary characters inspired by real-life people.
For the most part, we've skipped the autobiographical inspirations, mostly because there are too many too count, though many writers would probably tell you there's a little bit of themselves in every character they write, so in some ways that distinction is a losing battle. Click through to read out list of ten famous literary characters and their real-life counterparts.
His usual opponent, Hamilton Burger (or one of his assistants), usually gets to eat humble pie, however strong their case may be; the number of times their objections are sustained by the judge accepting Mason’s ‘objection – incompetent, irrelevant, immaterial’, is uncountable.
And, there’s his assistant, the lovely secretary Della Street, and the private detective he usually hires, Paul Drake.
These are highly recommended novels, even though they were written ages ago, and set against the backdrop of Los Angeles. – Amit Loiwal
Which story-loving kid doesn’t like the Famous Five series written by Enid Blyton? My favourite character from these wonderful stories is Julian. He is the eldest of the kids, and the wisest. He is a real hero to the other kids and they look to him for advice and reassurance whenever they run into trouble. Julian’s character is a wonderful blend of composure and a taste for adventure, which makes him a role model for the readers alike. – Jayanth Ramganesh
I am willing to bet money that I speak for all female readers who have read Wuthering Heights in their teens when I admit that the character of Heathcliff aroused some kind of unhealthy obsession. Sigh – growing up, this ultimate literary bad boy really had my heart. The angst and torment of the love between him and Catherine that drives him to crazed (yet calculated) vengeance made me overlook all of his obvious flaws. Instead, I spent a considerable amount of my youth fantasizing about this dark, brooding and mysterious entity, with his love like a passionate wildfire threatening to burn everything in its path. To me, Heathcliff and everything about him was what dreams were made of.
I am also willing to bet money that I speak for all female readers who have reread Wuthering Heights as adults when I admit that I have seriously questioned the sanity of my teenage self for falling so hopelessly in love with such a heinous creature. He is mean, violent and spiteful (to put it mildly), he ruins the lives of almost all who are exposed to him, and there is not a single character (other than Catherine) who has anything nice to say about him. His love, with all its wildness and passion, is in reality a solid reason to get a court-ordered restraining order.
Having said that, the raw appeal of Heathcliff still somehow inexplicably remains in every rereading of the novel; and once again, I am willing to bet money that I speak for all female readers of the novel when I admit this. I do not know what it is. I do not understand how a character so twisted can evoke such strong positive emotion. It is beyond me why even fairly well-adjusted, sane adults with no past emotional trauma feel this way. There is no point questioning it, we just have to embrace it and hand it to Emily Bronte for creating this wonderfully perverse archetype of a tortured romantic hero that one cannot help but love to hate. – Mehvash Peerbhoy
Elizabeth Bennett from the classic Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is my all-time favourite character.
She is an inspiring woman who is well-read and intelligent but born in a middle-class family in a period when class differences ruled. Although the second-born, Elizabeth takes on the responsibility of settling her sisters. She is a confidante of her father – almost like a son. On the exterior a strong woman but a sensitive and romantic soul on the inside.
In the end she finds love in the form of the aristocratic Mr Darcy, after all the misconceptions they have about each other in the beginning are cleared.
The character of Elizabeth Bennet is of an ideal woman, sister and daughter who is desirable in any time period. – Bindu K. Nair
I would consider the universally loved cartoon duo Calvin and Hobbes as my favourite literary characters. The mischievous six year old Calvin and his imaginary stuffed tiger Hobbes regale us with extremely insightful albeit humorous vignettes from the point of view of a child. The cartoon strips actually makes us pause and contemplate the deeper meaning of various things in life, ranging from morality and friendship to humankind’s need to destroy their environment – and everything in between.
The twosome are joined by a range of delightful characters including a sardonic father, a loving mother, a frustrated baby-sitter and a know-it-all school friend. The creator of the strip, Bill Watterson, decided to put art over financial success and refused to dilute the character’s moral popularity by licensing or franchising them. Two decades after discovering them, I still spend a couple of minutes every day chuckling at their antics thanks to Gulf News’ daily syndication of their adventures [found in the tabloid! section]. – Dr Vamsi Chaitanya Varma
One of the most controversial plays in the Victorian era, The Doll’s House, features my favourite literary character: Nora Helmer. A dehumanized character who has no sense of self, the only way she is identified in her society is by her social role as a mother and wife. From a naive young lady in the exposition to a character who enjoys earning money like a man, she decides to leave her family behind in hopes of identifying herself and in pursuit of her independence. I like the feminist character in Nora despite being a victim of the stereotypes of that time period. Her courage to step out on her own is really empowering. – Ann Albin
Bridget Jones, from Helen Fielding’s series. The realistic portrayal of a normal woman is so accurate and is not dressed with colours and rainbows; rather showing how it is actually is makes her my favourite. She has plenty of weaknesses, which she tries to overcome, and despite the bad decisions she has made, nothing stops her from trying; rather she tries to be a better self every day. – Ayesha Khan
Aelin Ashryver Galathynius from the Throne of Glass series by Sarah J Maas. She is a character full of spunk, sass and a swagger that cannot be brought down by anything. Her hilarious one-liners are full of wit and they never fail to bring a smile to my face. She is a courageous 19-year-old, ready to face all hurdles that life throws her way. While she is a strong female character, she also has her dark side and being an assassin sometimes brings her shadier side out.
As she figures herself out through the course of seven books she realizes that her bad parts are as much a part of her as her good parts. She is very relatable as she is not only an epitome of beauty, courage, love and strength but has to face her own battles like the rest of us. However, the fact that she has become a good person despite her problems serves as an inspiration for me as well as other readers to become more like her and embrace our dark as well as good parts and face all problems life throws our way with a smile on our face – making her my favourite character. – Rebecca Reji
Maggie Tulliver from George Elliot’s Mill on the Floss stands out for many reasons. I had read this book as a young girl. I could derive many parallels to my own life from Maggie’s childhood. The book depicts the strong bond of love, affection and a shared history that exists between siblings. The love that Maggie shares with her elder brother, Tom, forms the backdrop of the book. Maggie is a young, impulsive and spirited girl who is very close to her brother. She gets into many an escapade in her life and once, in a fit of rebellion, insists that her brother cuts off her long hair. She is so enraged that she is in no way bothered by the peculiar picture she will now present with her unevenly cut hair.
The book beautifully depicts the evolution that any relationship has to go through in the journey of life. Change is the only constant, and inevitably even the closest of relationships never remain the same, but evolve and modify themselves overtime. This essential truth forms the crux of this classic. – Vinita Mohan
Anne Shirley from Anne of Green Gables, written by L. M. Montgomery. Her overabundant imagination is used to cope with troubling times and makes her uncommonly gifted at oration and story-telling. Honesty and openness are also Anne’s strongest traits - those qualities warmed her up to her foster parents, the Cuthberts, and it allowed them to trust her completely, as they knew she was never malicious. She has a deep appreciation of beauty of all forms, especially in nature, and is a born philosopher, inspiring young and old alike with her wit and words.
Of course, Anne’s not perfect – her love of beauty means that she is sometimes a little vain, sometimes prioritizing looks before intelligence and character; her imagination tends to lead her astray – daydreaming during chores being the main source of her foster mother Marilla’s frustrations; her temper is a capricious creature, quick to ignite and hard to get over due to her stubbornness, which has put her at odds with several of the characters. But these traits make her human and memorable. – Arya Vikas
Professor Robert Langdon is a fictional character created by Dan Brown for his Robert Langdonbook series. He is a symbologist and a philanthropist.
I like him because of the way he understands complicated codes and interprets them by sneaking into places that no one had ever gone into. The suspense as he makes his discoveries is absolutely fabulous.
I recommend this book series to everyone, as once you open one of the books, you wouldn’t feel like closing it until you have completed it. – Mohammad Abdul Wakeel Zaid
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